Thursday, October 31, 2019

Management Assignment 2 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management Assignment 2 - Research Paper Example A car manufacturing plant can produce roughly around 10% of the automobile demand of the whole industry. But with this level of output, a company also needs high level of sales promotion and dealership. In order to fully sale the produced output, the Dassan Limited will need to start the advertising campaign on a very large scale. This strategy will decrease the cost per unit of automobile. Generally the buyers prefer to deal with large and reputable manufacturers and dealers. Such a big network of credible dealers requires a large amount of investment in the automobile industry. Dealers also want to deal with big names and companies have to make a considerable effort at the time of establishing a company. There are currently three big players in the Australian Automobile industry. Ford Australia, GM Holding Ltd and Toyota Motors Corporation Australia are the only three large scale automobile manufacturers in Australia. Ford Australia is one of the subsidiaries of the Ford Motor Company and established in Victoria in 1925. The company also operates Ford Performance Vehicles which is an in-house tuning division. In 1856, the GM holding was formed as a saddlery business but became a subsidiary of GM Motors later in 1931. Holden has offered many locally manufactured vehicles like Holden Commodore to the domestic market. Holden also operates an in-house tuning division known as Holden Special Vehicles. Toyota Motor Corporation Australia is a subsidiary of Japan based Toyota Motors Corporation. Toyota Australia promotes and manages their products in Australian market specially motorsport. The automobile manufacturing company needs high capital and labor to start up. As the Dassan Ltd is trying to establish itself in another country, it needs foreign exchange. Although geographically Australia is located near Korea but it is inaccessible through land so Dassan Ltd either can not utilize its previous expertise and resources or has to endure high

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Economic Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Economic Terrorism Essay This refers to the act by any group of people or state to destroy a society for military, social, political and religious purposes. This is done for the sole and illegal purpose of creating chaos and collapse of the target (Small Wars journal. July 2005). Economic terrorism based on environmental issue, can be viewed as illegal actions that can be taken against individuals, corporations or states that are accused of undermining proper environment of a given society in conscious pursuit of profit . The main purpose of such actions is directly aimed at the protection and preservation of the environment to prevent further environmental degradation. Environmental degradation has been increasing, resulting to potential crises that need collective action coupled with the motivation for the good of the world community. The challenges that have led to the crises include; global warming, damaged ozone layer, water contamination, nuclear weapon proliferation and increased income inequalities within and among nations. Economic terrorism though illegal can be justified in several ways. There is a classical principle implying that, when markets are functioning properly, there are uncoordinated actions of self-interested groups or agents. This consequently result to an efficient outcome, where those who earn huge profits do so by making others lose severely . In circumstances where huge companies either privately owned or state-owned are involved in polluting the environment (for instance through emissions, chemical released into the water bodies) in the process of optimising their production, the societies that live around the degraded environment are the great losers. Illegal actions against such companies reduce efficient outcome. The companies cannot benefit hugely while the society loses through environmental degradation. Economic terrorism prevents â€Å"unhealthy† development. Many nations make efforts to become more developed, in an effort to improve the living standards of its people or citizens. Unfortunately, this may result to reduced living standards when the environmental consequences of this development outweigh the economic gains. Where legal channels of addressing this problem may fail, illegal actions may be the best option. Terrorism may be considered an effective way of preventing environmental degradation in countries where options are more limited for improving environmental quality. Expanding populations demand economic growth to support them. This may pressure such countries to undertake development activities that severely affect the environment. Limited options to prevent this type of development in such circumstances may result to economic terrorism against the country. Proliferation of nuclear weapons may give particular nations a sense of security and autonomy to pursue their own interests even when these interests affect the world community. This makes the countries so rigid, such that they cannot follow the set global guidelines to curb environment depletion as required. Some may therefore view economic terrorism against such nations as the only solution to stop them from further environmental devastation. In most cases, environmental degradation affects the weak in a society. Those who are not well equipped to take legal actions against the state for causing degradation, are usually convinced that they can still do the same through terrorism For instance, terrorism more often provides an advantage to the weak, especially when they are confronting the state The advantage is as a result of the terrorists’ use of secrecy and minimal resources needed for the attack. The market for the produced commodities is very crucial to the growth of any company. Lack of market for the commodities will mean huge losses for the producer. Where the producer fails to follow an environmental code, as required, legal action should be undertaken against them. Sometimes, this may fail. Environmental activists may have no other option other than sabotaging the market of the goods . For example, an activist minority group resulted to attacking anything and everyone associated with the entire production and distribution of Salmon fish that was found to have potential dangerous levels of cancer causing PCBs in the fish. Consumers were also targeted, which affected the market of the fish adversely (Key. W. 2004). Terrorist actions cause great costs for the industries that cause pollution or environmental degradation, compared to the costs they would incur if legal actions were taken against them. Result of illegal actions on their property will be taken very seriously, hence they will be more obliged to curb pollution to prevent future losses from such actions. Industries, companies or factories work very efficiently to protect against activities that may jeopardise their profits. Damage to property or commodities through terrorism are unacceptable to them. Legal actions that may be undertaken against them may be counteracted very easily. Environmental activists are very aware of this possibility. It will be very easy for them to undertake an action that is difficult for the institution to protect against- and that is economic terrorism. Economic terrorism enjoys more attention as compared to legal channels. â€Å"When a terrorist attack in one country involves victims, targets, institutions, governments, or citizens in another country terrorism assume a transnational character†(Sandler, T. 1997). It means a solution is likely to be sought, which will work towards curbing further environmental depletion. Finally, the fear of the developed countries that environmental degradation in the poorer countries may spill over to them may encourage trade war. This is whereby, these nations may impose ever more restrictive trade practices on the developing countries. This may be looked at as economic terrorism. Developed nations may reject commodities from developing nations that encourage environmental degradation, affecting the economy of that particular nation. References Key. W. (2004). Washington Fish Growers Association. The Farmed Salmon Debate. Accessed on 2008-04-14 from; http://www. growfish. com. au/content. asp? contentid=1263 Sandler, T. 1997. Global Challenges; An Approach to Environmental, and Economic problems. Books. google. com Small Wars journal. July 2005,volume of the SWJ magazine. Accessed on 2008-04-14 from; www. smallwarsjournal. com

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Study Of Philosophical Assumption Analysis

Study Of Philosophical Assumption Analysis This chapter depicts reflexivity the way of carrying research and figuring results -, and addresses philosophical reflexivity, methodological reflexivity, and disciplinary reflexivity (Hardy, 2001; Holland, 1999). Reflexivity particularly illustrates the philosophical assumptions, and the executive steps toward the objectives. Thereby, the chapter discusses how the tentative model is refined according qualitative evidences and validated by quantitative supports (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 648; Churchill, 1979; Eisenhardt, 1989; Jick, 1979). Figure below briefly illustrates this chapter content. This section addresses the ontological and epistemological philosophy behind the study. It is necessary to crystallize the philosophical assumptions as the foundation of academic research, which is required to choose applicable methods (Annells, 1996). Given paradigm question, research topic associates with a particular meaning in specific circumstances (Goulding, 2002, p. 36). CEM resembles a complex management approach based on marketing philosophy that utilizes some components such as dealing with brand, interface, employee, and relationship to delight customers. Schembri (2006) assume realism to construct the meaning of services experience in ontological perspective. In this ontological position, understanding the customers service experience needs to reflect the customer as the subject that is conjoined with services as the object (Schembri, 2006). Likewise, services experience must be regarded holistically rather than only as performance, process, or outcome. Prahalad and Ramaswamy (2000; 2004) similarly believe all sources of experience are objects that confirm realism in ontology. On contrary, the earlier implicit underlying assumptions indicate a rationalistic philosophy (Vargo Lusch, 2004). Identification of customer desires in a rationalistic logic keeps us away from a holistic understanding of the customers experiential meaning (Schembri, 2006). Schembri (2006) argued the rationalistic assumptions are limiting the advance of marketing theory since experience ontologically is a relation between customer and world. Given epistemology, understanding of human nature in social worlds is acquired by conducting research to capture and interpret the complex ever changing social world. Here, the research methods are applied to interpret social world in terms of meaningful model. Epistemology in connection with the research objectives leads study to get realistic but interpretive understanding about the management role in orchestrating customer experience regarding internal process and proper response. It means subjective factors (experiential modules) should be concerned in epistemological reflexivity (Hirschman Holbrook, 1982). It thus intensifies the subjectivism in epistemology. Generally, there are three schools of thought based upon different combinations of epistemological and ontological assumptions (Alvesson Deetz, 2000; pp. 60-74; Johnson Duberley, 2003): Neo-empiricism (Thesis) (Epistemic: Objectivism Ontological: Realism) Critical theory (Synthesis) (Epistemic: Subjectivism Ontological: Realism) Postmodernism (Antithesis) (Epistemic: Subjectivism Ontological: Subjectivism) Epistemological subjectivists are researchers who assume it is not possible to observe the behavior of social phenomena neutrally without subjective interpretation of perception (Economic Social Research Council, 2008). Realism is about the ontological status of the phenomena that assumed to constitute social reality (Economic Social Research Council, 2008). In the qualitative study, we assume realistic postulation about the ontological status to constitute social reality that they exist independently of our perceptual or cognitive structures (Goulding, 2002, p. 13). Simply, we might not already know all aspects of the phenomenon but we know this reality exists and it can be discovered. Critical theory thus can be the best nominee to be a philosophical underpinning. Critical management study depends on researcher because of subjectivism in epistemology. However, similar to neo-empiricism view in ontology, there is a chance of unbiased and objective data collection and analysis (Alv esson Deetz, 2000), since social construction lead us to the reality (Myers, 1997, p. 241). Interpretive epistemology (Subjectivism) is a phenomenological, hermeneutic approach to reveal meaningful structure by stepping in social phenomenon within the context (Boland Day, 1989). However, it requires observation in natural setting to gain apt understanding (Anderson, 1986; Neuman 1997, p. 68). In addition, interpretive epistemology underlined following issues: Revealing the complexity by gaining in-depth understanding around the phenomenon Reflecting the reality based on close participation and high sensitivity to all elements Capturing the subjective experience of each individual Addressing the subjectivity by, for example, openness to alternative explanation Interpretive methods are utilized for exploring and explaining since (Desphande, 1983): Previous research may not obtain complete understanding The positivist approach is not proper to cover CEM as a new multi-facets discipline Lack of understanding necessitates the research of a phenomenological nature Quantitative approach is not appropriate since cannot figure out inclusive picture CEM is composed of a series of multiple realities that entirely should be taken into account In the quantitative phase, testing the model is necessary as far as it is a comparison between reality and the recommended model. Data is rendered as an objective external reality to come up with truth and therefore, it might be perceived as positivism (Charmaz, 2000). Positivism is based on three facts: logicality (mathematical facts; Smith, 1983), objectivity, detached manner (Burrell Morgan, 1979, p. 21). Epistemology relies on searching regularities and casual relationship between constituent elements of research to test theory and increase prediction power (Neuman, 1997, p. 63). It is also necessary to turn the phenomenon into generalized measurable fact (McGrath. 2008). This approach is acceptable only in case of success. That means, if we fail to verify the model, it is not appropriate and needs to revise (Hindess, 1977, p. 18). Therefore, epistemology can be interpretive in qualitative phase and positivism in quantitative stage (Yin, 1994). Methodological Consideration Nancy and Bradley (1999) hinted theory building begins with a general research question in stage one and ends with a theory and hypotheses that will be tested in more controlled studies in the future. Regarding philosophical assumption, hybrid methodology can be proper for the model building and given objectives. It is appropriate since it simultaneously concentrates on theory building and theory verification. Next section broadly brings some evidences to support this decision. Why Hybrid Methodology Academicians portray CEM as an imperative approach for modern marketing, which leads to business success. Despite the importance, the concept has begun to flourish without any discipline (Bitner et al., 2008; Holbrook, 2007; Verhoef et al., 2009) because of insufficient formal academic investigations, lack of empirical direction and theoretical foundations (Caru Cova 2003; Gentile et al., 2007; Poulsson Kale, 2004; Pullman Gross, 2004). Besides, CEM has a complex setting due to impacts of many different factors. In such complex and undeveloped subject, Nachmias and Nachmias (1981) noted multiple data collection techniques are preferable to reliance on only one. Morgan (1998) declared, Using either qualitative or quantitative methods in isolation can easily lead to mistaken conclusion. That means the combination of inductive and deductive methods is necessary to enhance the confidence in the results (Eisenhardt, 1989; Jick, 1979). The variety of qualitative methods, in addition to quantities study, reasonably helps to figure out research objectives in more natural setting with comprehensive depiction (Furlong, Lovelace, Lovelace, 2000, pp. 543-544). Eisenhardt (1989) posed, grand theory requires multiple studies an accumulation of both theory building and theory testing. Moreover, new categories (not initially anticipated) can arise because of creative potential of mixed method (Eisenhardt, 1989). This methodological approach refers to hybrid methodology that suggests combining qualitative and quantitative methods in logical order or combination. We benefit the potency of one method to improve the fulfillment of the next method (Morgan, 199 8). There are some others motivations for using multiple methods (Jick, 1979): To help to uncover the deviant dimension of a phenomenon To facilitate refashioning theory and model by looking to different viewpoints To enrich explanation of the research problem To ease a synthesis and integration of theories To serve as the critical test, by virtue of its comprehensiveness, for competing theories Given convolution of subject matter, it seems hybrid methodology is much more practical than other approaches to build a novel construct and figure out comprehensible model. Likewise, successful studies with similar approach in the context of study (e.g. Pullman Gross, 2004; Brakus et al., 2009) or in other discipline (e.g. Liao, Murphy Welsch, 2005; Wilson Vlosky, 1997) can be references for reasonableness of adopted methodology. Combing the different dataset can be also synergistic (Pandit, 1996). Eisenhardt (1989) asserted, When a pattern from one data source is corroborated by the evidence from another, the finding is stronger and better grounded. The use of multiple data enhances construct validity (Pandit, 1996), when the results are validated on the same question by multiple methods (Carson, Gilmore, Perry, Gronhaug, 2001, p. 69; Morgan, 1998). Developing the Construct The importance of construct development as the key part of theoretical explanation is underlined in marketing literature (Churchill, 1979; Diamantopoulos Winklhofer, 2001; Jarvis, Mackenzie, Podsakoff, 2003; Peter, 1981). There is emphasis on introducing precise and measurable constructs as a basis for strong theory, which is facilitated by a prior pattern in the opening step (Eisenhardt, 1989). Thus, to discover CEM construct, we initially mull over several theoretical and practical evidences earlier than qualitative investigation to crystallize a former tentative construct. Developing construct can be reflective, formative or both (Jarvis et al., 2003). In reflective model, measures should be correlated, while dropping an indicator from measurement model does not change the whole construct (Jarvis et al., 2003). In contrast, in formative model, the direction of causality is from measure to construct (Jarvis et al., 2003). Developing multidimensional construct for CEM involves two levels; first order is reflective and second order is formative (Type III in Jarvis et al.s study). CEM is assumed reflective construct consists of reflective components, namely brand experience and interface experience, which are composed of multiple formative indicators. Research Setting Research Population Current study focuses on private service sector. There are three main reasons behind this resolution. In the first place, scholars put extra emphasis on practicality of CEM in service context (see Error: Reference source not found). Secondly, there is tremendous flourish in service industry in Malaysia especially in private sector while it has significant contribution in economy (see Error: Reference source not found). Finally, service sector in Asia have faced lot of difficulties during these years, particularly in dealing with increasing expectation, changing lifestyle, tide competition, and commoditization issues (Lovelock et al., 2002). On the other hand, service sector furnishes us with apposite data to analyze and draw a conclusion; since, customer experience is more meaningful in service context due to following reasons. First, service experience includes more interactions and accordingly provides more opportunities for customers to experience and become engaged. Second, service experience is more flexible than goods experience because of high customer involvement; hence, the brand experience can be more likely to remember. Third, the numerous touchpoints enrich experience in service context. Fourth, experience is more likely to differentiate the service offering. Finally, in service, co-creating experience, social and relational experience, and personalized experience are more achievable than goods experience. These evidences enrich the result of investigation and subsequently enhance the comprehensiveness. Unit of Analysis Unit of analysis usually refers to the level of aggregation of the data during conducting analysis. In the present study, organization level as the lowest independent level is chosen as unit of analysis. Although, experience is investigated in individual level, CEM is practiced by organization, derived by organizational capabilities, and it enhances organization outcomes. This option in line with Kenny (2003) has two characteristic: appropriate level of analysis and independence. The unit of analysis also keeps results away from officious impacts such as compositional effects (Kenny Judd, 1986). Hybrid Research Design (mixed methods strategy) The initial step of research design is the division of labor to integrate the complementary strengths of methods (Creswell, 2003, p. 211), which is accomplished via two primary choices (Morgan, 1998): Priority: which method is a principal method and which is a complementary one Sequence: whether the complementary method precedes or follows the principal method In hybrid methodology, prioritizing and sequencing of qualitative and quantitative methods are crucial to conduct a successful research (Morgan, 1998; Tashakkori Teddlie, 2008, p. 161). By combining these two, four options are yield: (1) Preliminary qualitative methods in quantities study, (2) Preliminary quantitative methods in qualitative study, (3) Follow-up qualitative methods in quantitative study, and (4) Follow-up quantitative methods in qualitative study. The Priority Decision Morgan (1998) illuminated The first research-design decision determines the extent to which either the qualitative or the quantitative method will be the principal tool for gathering the projects data. Conducting research leads to the high range of difficulty by exploiting both quantitative and qualitative methods with same weight or in same time (Morgan, 1998). In traditional triangulation, the results gained from the two methods because of complicated linkage and no effective instruments may be either incommensurate or absolute conflicting (Morgan, 1998). Therefore, the more practical approach is to assign one of the methods as the principal tool and then to allocate the second one as the complementary to effectively assists the principal one (Morgan, 1998; Tashakkori Teddlie, 2008, p. 161). This division of labor is more realistic and convenient. The Sequence Decision Morgan (1998) stated, The more practical strategy is to use the two methods in sequence so that what is learned from one adds to what is learned from the other. That means which method based on its strengths, or probable results should be used first (Creswell, 2003, p. 212). This approach optimizes the effectiveness of the principal method (Morgan, 1998; Tashakkori Teddlie, 2008, p. 164). Hence, it is valid to use preliminary output to improve the next method. It maximizes the worth of results, when it upgrades the next method, which uses a different data set. The Priority and Sequence in the current Research The preferable hybrid approach can be qualitative investigation that follows by quantitative study. This pattern will be implement by preliminary qualitative study provides complementary assistance in developing a larger quantitative study. Scholars recommended the exploratory research as the prior approach for the majority of descriptive studies to build a theoretical model (Churchill Iacobucci, 2002, p. 92; Creswell, 2003, p. 215; Yin, 1994, p. 138). On the word of Kotler (2006, p. 122), The objective of exploratory research is to gather preliminary information that will help define problems and suggest hypotheses. Along with the objectives, exploratory study in early stage expand understanding, provide insight, and develop hypotheses until it lets us to continue the study by testing the hypotheses and validating the construct in a deductive study (Churchill Iacobucci, 2002, p. 93). This approach is against traditional triangulation as comparison between different methods, researcher, theory, or results. Priority and sequence decision emphasizes on complementarily characteristic of each method as well as flexibility, manageability, productivity, and lack of difficulty (Morgan, 1998). The data collection begins with a qualitative method to crystallize the definition, and domain, improve the model, and develop the content of the questionnaire. The qualitative results must be treated as tentative until they are confirmed by quantitative research (Morse, 1996). The strengths of qualitative methods are utilized during exploratory study to conduct more fruitfulness quantitative research later. Further, we make use of the quantitative data to verify and expand on what is learned through the qualitative study. Then the quantitative inquiry covers a much larger sample than in-depth qualitative research to explore the generalizability, and transferability of the results ( Morgan, 1998). Why Qualitative Approach is Chosen in the First Phase? The most common design in hybrid methodology is preliminary qualitative studies plus complementary quantitative research (Morgan, 1998). Qualitative research has been arisen in response to limitations in conventional quantitative management research. Scholars recommend the qualitative study in the initial stage of research to overcome insufficient understanding around unfamiliar phenomenon (Churchill, 1991, p. 132). For example, qualitative study is recommended in service and social experience context (Otto Ritchie, 1996; Verhoef et al., 2009). Morse (1991, p. 120) also highlighted some characteristics of subject matter in qualitative research, which have close agreement with our research objectives. Regarding that, inductive method can be applied when: The concept is immature due to lack of theory or theoretical researches The available theory may be inaccurate, incorrect, inappropriate, or even biased There is need to explore and describe the phenomena or develop the theory The nature of the phenomena may not to be suited to quantitative investigation It seems qualitative approach can be the best nominee to overcome immaturity in CEM concept and generate formal theoretical understanding. Moreover, because of inconsistency in the subject matter, it will be practical to use inductive methodology to explore the phenomenon and integrate the various options into more comprehensive definition. Flexibility is another reason behind choosing preliminary qualitative approach (Churchill, 1991, p. 132), since we can take advantage of data to come up with novel themes and restructured the model (Eisenhardt, 1989). Researcher Function and Time Horizon Researcher has active role in data gathering, data coding and interpreting. In general, it is tried to be skilful in collecting and summarizing data in appropriate manner and self-critical accounts. Moreover, to have accurate data, we try to conduct research in bias-free situation and have precise estimation. In qualitative stage, the researchers role as an instrument for data collection is yielding maximum knowledge to accomplish holistic understanding in natural setting (Creswell, 2003, p. 200). Therefore, it requires direct involvement not only in analysis but also in all data collection steps. Given time horizon, the study will be conducted as cross-sectional study and data are gathered just once, over a period of three months in first phase and another three months in second phase. Qualitative Study Success of hybrid methodology highly depends on qualitative phase (Jick, 1979). Qualitative data contributes as the critical counterpoint to quantitative methods, which drawn from firsthand records to characterize the phenomenon, crystallize holistic picture of research topic and report relevant details. The upshots ameliorate the initial propositions to hypotheses (Carson et al., 2001, p. 42). According Creswell (2003, pp. 198-199), we consider following reflection in conducting qualitative research. Firstly, we more emphasize on the process, rather than outcomes. Secondly, researcher works as an instrument for data collection and analysis to reach holistic understanding. Thirdly, qualitative research needs fieldwork and direct involvement. Fourthly, we have to be descriptive with a sense of gaining deep understanding. Finally, the inductive process has to lead the research to build concept, tentative hypotheses, and model from details in realistic way. The qualitative study, based on exploratory research design, intends to investigate the phenomenon, and provide the rigorous insights (Churchill, 1991, p. 130; Yin, 1994). Churchill (1991, p. 130) recommend exploratory research to discover vague problem and discover the possibilities of conjectural statement that here is called tentative model. To build a proper foundation for quantitative study, based on Selltiz, Wrightsman, and Cook (1981, p. 21) and Yin (1994), we justify the applicability of exploratory case study (analysis of selected cases) in the initial phase of research: It is a proper way to answer research question, study contemporary event, and investigate a phenomenon prior to theory development; The concept novelty necessitates submitting some propositions before developing hypotheses; In respect of the various possible variables for CEM construct, antecedents and consequences, we require setting priorities to purpose the model; Given limitation in literature, we crucially should gain enough insight into the problem; Exploratory study helps to capture the domain and generate the right items (measurement) Our approach in qualitative research is in line with exploratory study, which is based on Experience Survey and Analysis of Selected Cases (Churchill Iacobucci, 2002, p. 95). Churchill (1991, p. 135) defined experience survey as the key informant survey, which figures out valuable insight through who has association whit a particular marketing effort. The target of this approach is coming up with relationship and overall variables picture or tentative explanation (Selltiz et al., 1981, p. 94). Analysis of selected case is an approach to explore for explanation or features that can be common with other cases (Churchill, 1991, p. 143). Thereby, we start qualitative study by choosing convenient cases, which are potentially capable to run CEM (see, 5.4.2). Then, we collect data about the construct and domain, examine the tentative model, and explore the alternative characterization via experienced interviewees. Qualitative data analysis package NVivo 8 will be used to enable effective d ata management. The qualitative study procedure is summarized in Figure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½5 -2. Figure à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ½5à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ2: Qualitative Study Procedure Qualitative Research Design and Data Collection Interview can be a practical instrument; since, it results sensible inference through more controllable procedure (Yin, 1994, p. 80). Interview is also the foremost source of data collecting toward theory building (Lillis, 1999). In our case, in-depth interview with non-probability sampling is an applicable technique (Churchill, 1991, p. 135). Interview is carried out face-to-face (one-to-one conversations) in the interviewees self-setting (Denzin Lincoln, 2005, p. 661; Morgan et al., 1990). To make best use of in-depth interview, we design semi-structured questionnaire with following characteristics. According to Furlong et al. (2000, p. 536), semi-structured interview is a proper technique while we have prior idea about questions. Semi-structured questionnaire thus can extract maximum relevant information in specific time because of existing tentative pattern (Yin, 1994, p. 85). It also aids to examine the authenticity of tentative model and prior understanding about propositions. Additionally, to know what is beyond the tentative mode, some open-ended questions empower the interview to have necessary flexibility for further exploration (Furlong et al., 2000, p. 536). The significant advantageous of this method are the modification and completeness (Silverman, 2000). It also systematically saves time and offers specific elaboration in text production and analysis. The standard theme of interview is adopted from Kohli and Jaworski (1990). After a brief description, interviews start open-ended and finalize with more relevant probe questions (Dick, 2005). Thus, there are two kinds of questions. First, the opening questions investigate whether the concept elements are significant and to what extent they are meaningful and practical (Sekaran, 2006, p. 236). Then, interview follows by semi-structured questions to examine, and validate the propositions in details. The respondents are also asked to tell their own stories and experiences (Yin, 1994, p. 84). This kind of information associates with informants experience (Dick, 2005) and leads to find out memories, meanings, and interpretations might be hard to discover in other ways (Carson et al., 2001, p. 73). It is also predictable that after or before some questions a brief explanation is necessary to clarify the intention of questions (Kohli Jaworski, 1990). Interviews are conducted separately and they last 60-120 minutes. The Interview Protocol Appendix 4 is set up to have a systematic procedure. Due to get access to useful information, it is essential to render the right image and convince interviewees the study is non-threatening. This issue can be handled by give the overall summary of the research procedures and objectives in order to minimize the risk of defensive or self-conscious behavior (Waddington, 1994). Additionally, offering some motivations can be practical to encourage respondents for more commitment and collaboration. We consider providing a short report to the participating firms as prospective motivation. It supposes to let them to benchmark themselves within the industry. Keeping with ethical issues, we utilize direct approach and disclose the purpose of study. Choosing Appropriate Cases in Qualitative Stage In private service, consumer banking is nominated as the sample frame for qualitative study. In the retailing of financial services, customer behavior is characterized by full range of possible experience, which leads to achieve results that are more comprehensive. The focus on personal banking is also reasonable to analyze because of various possible interactions and accordingly various meaningful experiences. Moreover, specific characteristics of consumer banking and Malaysian banking perspective are likely to generate more holistic result (see, Error: Reference source not found). The study is set along with a similar research in financial service (e.g. OLoughlin Szmiginthe, 2005) with multiple cases (Yin, 1994, p. 45). It is based on conducting a series of interviews with key informants in banking (Gummesson, 2000, p. 179). Non-probability sampling is preferable, because it is convenient to meet sampling goals. The samples are chosen through purposive and snowball sampling (selective sampling; Patton, 1990; Sandelowski, Holditch-Davis, Harris, 1992, p. 279) as one kind of theoretical sampling (Eisenhardt, 1989). Purposive sampling is nominated for choosing banks (Sekaran, 2006, p. 277; Denzin Lincoln, 2005, p. 378) and snowball sampling for finding branch managers as representatives of the banking (Oloughin Szmigin, 2005). This approach intensifies the diversity of sampling to find different properties (Charles, 1994, p. 99; Dick, 2005). At least three or four sets of data are essential to come across the concept (Martin Turner, 1986). Accordingly, we plan to conduct 12 interviews in six data sets. Five of these sets are part of initial data collection attempt and the sixth one for cross-validation. This is in line with Perry (1998) and Eisenhardt (1989) who respectively suggested four to fifteen and four to ten cases for interview. We project theoretical saturation by five data sets, albeit the openness to increase cases. If there is any contrast between two respondents in a data set, we add another interview session to enhance validity. We nominate five local banks from Bank Negara list as our sampling frame (see, Appendix 6) as well as one foreigner bank for cross-validation. According a study by Goh in 2005, Maybank is the largest commercial bank in Malaysia in terms of asset, net profit, shareholder equity, and number of employees while CIMB holds the second place. Public Bank is the second rank in terms of profit and shareholder equity. RHB bank and Hong Leong Bank also have notable asset as well as considerable development in customer management. Additionally, HSBC is the largest foreigner bank regarding asset, profit, shareholder equity, and number of employee (Goh, 2005). In light of these information Maybank, CIMB, Public Bank, RHB Bank, and Hong Leong Bank are chosen as the first set of data source and HSBC is selected for cross validation. HSBC is leading banks in CEM; thus, verifying the qualitative result with HSBC would be reasonable decision (Lee, 2008; Wing, 2008). The interviews will be conducted with the managers of major branches, since they have close interaction with customers, they have extensive familiarity with consumer banking, and they are well updated with bank marketing strategy regarding consumer banking  [i]  . In this case, snowball technique is utilized to facilitate sampling. The technique suggests the initial respondents recommend other potential interviewees who can contribute to the study (Bryman Bell, 2007, p. 200). Recommending conversant is applicable in financial services (Oloughin Szmigin, 2005). However, to refine the process, a purposive approach prioritizes the recommendations (Schmidt Little, 2007). Subsequently, by saturation we move to sorting and coding in the clearest way. Data Capturing, and Coding in Qualitative Stage During qualitative research, we anticipate mass of detailed material. Ensuring about the capturing and recording relevant data would allow us for easy retrieval in analysis. Miles and Huberman (1984) expressed initial coding is compulsory to linking data and weave a story. In order to have systematic coding, some tools from Grounded Theory are utilized. In spite of GT, we do not begin with field data and allow the theory to emerge from the data; instead, we begin with tentative model from previous studies. That means core category does not emerge from data set. The role of literature review is also unlike GT, especially in developing categories. Instead, we follow preferable method by Miles and Huberman (1994) to set provisional codes, namely start list, which is based on the tentative model. To reduce the risk of observer bias, initial data capturing is fulfilled by field remarks throug

Friday, October 25, 2019

Hesters Deconstruction of Puritan Ideals in Nathaniel Hawthornes The

The Scarlet Letter - Hester's   Deconstruction of Puritan Ideals   Ã‚  Ã‚   Hester, the protagonist in Hawthorne's novel The Scarlet Letter, effectively challenges the efforts of the Puritan theocracy to define her, and at the same time, contain the threat she poses to the social order.    Throughout the novel Hester bears the mark of an "A" embroidered on her chest which was originally intended to label her as a social outcast, more specifically an adulteress to the rest of society. She wears the "A" for many years after she bears her "illegitimate" child with virtually no objection. She graciously accepts the punishment bestowed upon her by the strict Puritanical decree that rules, unimpeded, over the New England town where she finds residence. But as the novel progresses Hester remains subservient, dutiful and humble, living in slight seclusion with her child on the edge of town. Hawthorne writes:    As was usually the case wherever Hester stood, a small, vacant area - a sort of magic circle - had formed itself about her, into which, though the people were elbowing one another at a little distance, none ventured, or felt disposed to intrude. It was a forcible type of the moral solitude in which the scarlet letter enveloped its fated wearer; partly by her own reserve, and partly by the instinctive, though no longer so unkindly, withdrawal of her fellow-creatures (Hawthorne 181).    This excerpt from the text shows how Hester does, to some extent, impose strict limits upon herself which she lives by, and which helps to reinforce her punishment, and at the same time preserve and show respect to the Puritan theocracy. Hester cooperatively plays the role of the scapegoat for the rest of soci... ...forts of the Puritan theocracy as she refuses to divulge the identity of her fellow adulterer, revealing a weakness in the governance and facilitating her with a certain sense of power. This power Hester experiences, along with her child, are her testimony to the contribution she makes in the deconstruction of some patriarchal Puritan ideals. But at the same time Hester does lead a virtuous life that harmonizes quite well with this Puritan theocracy, this enables Hester to deconstruct parts of the social order at its very source. The upright way of life that Hester chose to live by, after time, resulted in a near metamorphosis of the originally stigmatized definition that the letter "A" held in society, to one that carried a much more positive connotation.    Work Cited: Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet Letter. New York: St. Martins, 1991.   

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Greek Stuff

THE ANCIENT GREEKS NAME ___Harrison Funk_________________________________ To complete this worksheet use the information found on the following website: http://www. mythologyteacher. com/GreekIntro. html GREEK INTRO 1. At roughly what time period was the golden age of ancient Greece? 500 B. C. 2. Who was an ancient Greek writer of fables? Homer 3. Who was a Greek mathematician? Pythrogras 4. Why should Americans study ancient Greece? We oew everything to ancient Greece. GREEK CITY-STATES 5. How is a city-state more than just a city? It had no desire to join a larger country. 6.What term was not in use during the golden age of Greece? Why not? They did not say greece so it was dotted with city-states 7. What is an agora? Assembly of the people/ town meeting THE LIFE OF A GREEK GIRL 8. How were women oppressed in ancient Greece? Treated with disrespect 9. What would happen if a family did not have a male heir? All wealth would go to the closest male relative 10. At what age did most gi rls get married? 14 11. What is a dowry? Money goods estate 12. What was the goal of every Greek wife? To produce male heir 13. When was murder completely legal in ancient Greece?When someone was caught in a affair with a married women. THE LIFE OF A GREEK BOY 14. What is a Greek adage about their newborn children? If its a boy keep it and if its a girl expose it 15. What ceremony did boys go through before becoming men? They cut their hair 16. Boys were sent to do what at the age of eighteen? Left for two years for military purposes. 17. What does the word gymnos mean? Means wearing no clothes 18. How long were men subject to the military draft? Two years 19. What is a lyre? harp 20. What is rhetoric? Is persuasive speaking 21.What was the Greek word for one who participates in sport contests? 22. What was a sophist? 23. What was the most dangerous Greek sport? 24. What is the â€Å"bible of the Greeks†? 25. The gymnasium was the ancient predecessor of what modern institutio n? 26. What were the two tools teachers used to teach reading and writing? 27. When did education end for most boys? 28. Why were Greek men expected to keep their bodies in shape? GREEK RELIGION 29. According to the Greek moral code, what two crimes were capital offenses? 30. Explain how Greece did not have a strict religious code: 31.Spotting what kind of bird during the daytime foretold death? 32. What could priests tell from an animal’s organs? 33. What does fortuitous mean? 34. What is a pantheon? 35. What is augury? 36. What usually occurred after a Greek sacrifice? 37. Where did the Oracle of Delphi sit? 38. Which god or goddess was most honored in Athens? 39. Whom did kings consult to learn their future? GREEK DEMOCRACY 40. How did citizens vote sometimes vote in Athens? 41. What groups were excluded from Athenian citizenship? 42. What type of democracy did Athens have? GREEK OLYMPICS 43. When did the first Olympics occur? 4. What Olympic contest was held at the Olympi an hippodrome? 45. Were the Olympics the only games held in ancient Greece? 46. What was the Heraia? 47. What are the five sports in the pentathlon? SPARTA 48. How were the lives of Spartan women different from the lives of Athenian women? 49. Sparta was one of the few societies to produce no _______. 50. Spartan boys started their training at what age? 51. Spartan boys were yearly flogged for what reason? 52. What did an apprenticeship of a young boy to an older boy accomplish? 53. How were Spartan boys taught stealth? 54.What did the Spartans do with their unwanted children? Toss them of a cliff 55. What story demonstrated the Spartan discipline? 56. What was a Spartan wedding night ritual? 57. What word is a synonym for gorge? 58. Sparta was completely dedicated to the art of what? HIPPOCRATES 59. Hippocrates is often called: 60. How many children died in ancient Greece before the age of ten? 61. What is leeching? 62. Write one line from the Hippocratic Oath: ALEXANDER THE GREAT 63. How old was Alexander the Great when he became the King of Macedon? 64. What did Alexander spread around the world? 65.What empire did Alexander conquer? 66. What did Alexander the great die of? 67. Why was Alexander a successful conqueror? SOCRATES & PLATO 68. How was Socrates different from the sophists? 69. Who were the â€Å"scientists† of ancient Greek? 70. What does philosophy mean in Greek? 71. What poison did Socrates drink? 72. What is the Socratic Method? 73. What was Plato’s Academy named for? 74. What was the charge brought against Socrates? HOMER, THE ILIAD & ODYSSEY 75. How was the dark age of Greece different from the golden age of Greece? 76. What are three rumors concerning Homer the poet? 77.What is an â€Å"epic poem†? 78. What is the plot of the Odyssey? 79. What started the Trojan War? 80. When did the â€Å"real† Trojan War probably occur? 81. Which did the Greeks like better: the Iliad or Odyssey? Why? HERODOTUS 82. Herodotus is often called: 83. What wars did Herodotus write about? 84. What else did Herodotus write about? 85. What is â€Å"western civilization†? GREEK SLAVERY 86. Most Greek households had how many slaves? 87. What does humane mean? 88. What is the rack? 89. What were lawyers allowed to do to slaves in order to get information? 90. What were three jobs a slave might receive? 91.Where did the Greeks obtain their slaves? DEATH & BURIAL 92. Greeks believed your spirit would never be at rest if: 93. What were two capital offenses in ancient Greece? 94. What is a garland? 95. What is a libation? GREEK WARFARE 96. How did one warship defeat another? 97. How did the rowers on a warship keep in time with each other? 98. Sparta was known for its infantry; Athens was known for its ________. 99. What is a hoplite? 100. Where did Sparta and Athens stop King Xerxes’ march into Greece? 101. What is a phalanx? GREEK THEATER 102. How many spectators could be seated in the theatron? 03. What amplified the voices of Greek actors? 104. What are satyrs? 105. What does obscene mean in Greek? 106. What innovation did Sophocles create? 107. What is a chorus? 108. What is catharsis? 109. What theatrical innovation did the playwright Aeschylus come up with? 110. What type of play is a crude parody? 111. What type of play tells the downfall of a noble character? 112. Who was the patron god of the theater? 113. Whose opinion did the chorus represent in Greek plays? 114. Why are modern actors called thespians? 115. Which type of play made fun of daily life in Athens?

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

WEB Dubois essays

WEB Dubois essays As African Americans become equal citizens in America they need to establish their own aims and ideas as people. African Americans must do active hands on research on the discipline of black studies. DuBois recognized that any research on black studies must be done by black scholars. This research must make a positive, lasting impact of the change on humanity. The educated Negro must go back to the original roots of Africans to establish a strong foundation for the development of African Americans. I t is critical for African American Negro scholars to be conscious and aware of these experiences to recognize the oppression which the African American has occurred. These scholars can not abandon their culture and heritage through integration and assimilation. For the success of African Americans, intellectuals must recognize and acknowledge this abandonment of their heritage so that they can move forward in the future for the better of the collective masses of African Americans. B lack Americans must establish a sense of security of their own culture and heritage as people in America. I believe black intellectuals should recognize and express the "black experience" to African American communities. African Americans need to be aware of the contributions and experiences, which their people made to America. People of African descent must recognize their culture and own heritage on an internal level for their advancements as a people. African Americans must also recognize the external forces in America that has slowed their development in life as people in America. These external forces deal with the assimilation and integration of black Americans into white America. Once African Americans recognize these external and internal forces, than their minds can be clear. This is than where the foundation of establishing goals and aims for African American people in America can begin. ...